A fox in charge of the henhouse?
Animal welfare law seems to be an ass. Only you can fix it
If only animals could talk: they’d have plenty to criticise. Like: the unfunded Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA), that is reliant upon private donations and bequests, despite its officially sanctioned responsibility for policing and prosecuting companion animal abuse (the SPCA prosecuted 11,000 cases in New Zealand in 2007, saving the government an estimated $5 million). Or the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF), which employs five farm animal welfare inspectors nationwide - one per 10 million animals. Or the seemingly paltry sentences regularly imposed for egregious cases of animal abuse. Or the couple of hundred thousand animals sacrificed annually for research, testing and teaching.
The problem can be briefly illustrated. Last month, Green Party spokesperson Sue Kedgley asked Minister of Agriculture David Carter for his views on a proposal to recommence live sheep exports from New Zealand to Saudi Arabia. Live animal exports for slaughter ceased in 2003; some live animals are exported, but only for breeding purposes. His reply:
“New Zealand would benefit economically from the resumption of trade. I do not want to speculate on any specific figure, but I can tell the House that the live animal export trade last year was worth a billion dollars to the Australian economy.”
This is neither a National government proposal, nor a party political issue. An application by the Saudi Arabian interest was under consideration by the previous government, and an identical pattern of weighing animals’ interests against human and economic ones can be observed in past statements from the two Jims - Sutton and Anderton - Carter’s predecessors as minister. Clearly, short of a mass conversion to the vegan lifestyle, Carter’s approach is just a fact of life; the Animal Welfare Act itself demands economic considerations.
That Act has been internationally lauded and copied. It requires an animal owner to ensure animals’ “physical, health and behavioural needs” are met, and embodies “five freedoms”:
1. proper and sufficient food and water,
2. adequate shelter,
3. opportunity to display normal patterns of behaviour,
4. physical handling in a manner which minimises pain or distress
5. protection from and rapid diagnosis of significant injury or disease.
The Act provides for codes of welfare to be drafted and regularly reviewed, addressing minimum standards of care for individual groups of animals. It would seem logical to assume that the codes, whose authority stems from the Act, would meet the terms of the parent legislation. Problem is: the parent legislation has a foot in two camps.
Codes must try to give effect to the “five freedoms”, whilst also having regard to the feasibility and practicality of effecting a transition from old to new practices, the economic effects of any such transition, and the requirements of religious or cultural practices. In exceptional circumstances, minimum standards may be recommended in a code that do not fully meet the obligations of the Act.
I would like to acknowledge the contributions of Dr Peter Beatson. Peter has written three essays that anyone interested in animal welfare should read. They are available online here.