Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it.

Implicit in the title of the Michael Cullen’s memoir Labour Saving is his greatest policy achievement of improving the savings of the economy, as well as his saving the Labour Party from neoliberalism. But first, recall some of his other policy successes.

Although he was chief whip outside cabinet in 1984 to 1987, he had been Opposition spokesperson on the environment and was involved in the separation of the environmental agencies the Department of Conservation and the Ministry for the Environment from the muddle in the bureaucracy, thereby giving the environment an independent status in public policy.

As Minister for Social Welfare in 1987 to 1990, when he was not resisting Rogernomics he supervised a number of innovations including the Children, Young Persons and their Families Act. This eventually led to Oranga Tamariki. So we still have not got it right but if we ever do the 1989 act will be seen as a key development.

He took over the portfolio for Treaty Negotiations in 2007, already under the heavy burden of the finance portfolio, being the Leader of the House and more, and he acted on behalf of treaty claimants after he retired from parliament. He says this was one of his most rewarding experiences.

Most politicians would be proud of this list of achievements but he will be remembered even more as Minister of Finance. There is a lot of bitsy policy in the job but as the memoir title implies a key success was the building up the capital of New Zealand.

It began before he became the Minister. In 1993 he led Labour in the interparty joint negotiations with National which raised, in a series of steps, the age of entitlement to New Zealand Superannuation from 60 to 65. When the Old Aged Pension Act was introduced in 1898, 60 may have seemed a realistic age (its age of entitlement was 65) or again when the Social Security Act was enacted in 1938 (again the universal entitlement was at 65). But it was a combination of nostalgia and electoral calculation (i.e. bribery) which had Muldoon setting the universal age at 60 in his 1976 changes.

People are living longer (and healthier in old age). Suppose we lived to an average age of 100; would it make sense to provide a guaranteed minimum income for 35 or 40 years? One acknowledges the support for a universal minimum income but the advocates are silent on how it should be paid for, especially if it is at the level of New Zealand Superannuation. A similar funding challenge applies to retirement support. As the recent Treasury Long Term Fiscal Projections indicate it is becoming increasingly expensive.

Both Labour and National in opposition advocated raising the age of entitlement to 67; they are less enthusiastic in government. My preference would be to set the age in relation to life expectation. It is going to go up some day (unless a pandemic or the like shortens life expectations) and the young deserve to have a clear indication of when it does, instead of having it raised unexpectedly when it is too late for them to plan for it. (For an elaboration see here.)

Cullen resisted raising the age any further; I take it that he thought it is a third rail which politicians should not touch. (Recall how the Rogernomes thoughtlessly slapped a surcharge on high income New Zealand Superannuitants without thinking about the politics. It was abandoned in 1997 but the memory of the political disruption makes changing retirement entitlements difficult.)

Instead, Cullen introduced the New Zealand Superannuation (Cullen) Fund in which the government channels some of its savings to be invested to, so it is said, provide for the future rising cost of retirement. It does not actually work that way – the story is too long to detail here – but it allows the government to invest in New Zealand business, promoting growth of the economy.

That has not been the only such investment. Cullen pragmatically renationalised Air New Zealand and Kiwirail, after private business failed them, and agreed to the establishment of government-owned Kiwibank.

His general fiscal stance was conservative and he reduced the debt to GDP ratio to about 8 percent, which proved prudent, giving the Key-English Government much room to move during the Global Financial Crisis. There is a sense in which Cullen saved us from the severe Austerianism which bedevilled many other economies – although, no doubt he would acknowledge Bill English’s contribution.

As Minister of Finance, Cullen made some minor improvements to taxation on private savings although more could be done. His big contribution was Kiwisaver. It has a long history.

When he entered Parliament in 1969, Roger Douglas was a social democrat and was impressed by the contributory investment funds for retirement in social democracies in Europe. It was he who drove the 1974 New Zealand Superannuation Scheme which Rob Muldoon abolished in 1976. By the time Douglas became Minister of Finance he had become neoliberal, such changes that were done to private retirement provision raised the taxation on them and discouraged saving. Afterwards he wrote his 1993 Unfinished Business which essentially proposed privatising public retirement provision.

When New Zealand First joined National in government in 1996, they proposed a second-tier contributory superannuation scheme. I confess I was asked to design it. I based the proposal on the 1974 New Zealand Superannuation Scheme (although rather than a single government fund, there were to be multiple privately managed funds among which investors would choose).

When Winston Peters asked the Treasury to design a scheme, they ignored this social democrat (1974) approach and designed one based on the neoliberal-Douglas (1993) proposal. (I don’t know how they got to this.) It went to a referendum in 1997 and was rejected by over 92 percent of the voters. (Cullen’s memoir notes that this undermined Peter’s political credibility and was a major contributor to his losing power in 1998.)

In 2005, Cullen as Minister of Finance, introduced Kiwisaver, which is very like the 1996 NZF proposal (and hence based on Douglas’ 1974 proposal).

One feature, not in the 1996 scheme, was government subsidies. At the time, Labour was running a large fiscal surplus and the usual suspects were demanding income tax cuts. They were not practical because the economy was booming and the extra injection of demand from the higher private incomes would have spiralled the economy into inflation or a balance of payments blowout or, most likely, both. So Cullen gave ‘tax cuts’ but they were deposited in the Kiwisaver accounts and could not be spent before retirement or other such circumstances.

I leave the last word with Michael Cullen himself:

I have been very much a fiscal conservative. In normal times, fiscal profligacy is, at base, an act of selfishness at the expense of future generations. It is the same attitude that has seen us pollute rivers, overfish our seas, use up non-renewable resources, plunder our forests and generally behave without thought for our own grandchildren or their grandchildren. Once, perhaps, there was an excuse of ignorance; but that excuse is no longer available to us. Even as we address crises such as the Covid-19 pandemic we need to remind ourselves there is a future beyond this we have to be aware of. As my future has probably shrunk to something not so very long I have become even more conscious of those who come after.